Naked shorts och derivat och liknande förklarat
I kommentarerna på en slashdot-artikel står en del intressanta förklaringar om optioner och naked shorts:
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You'd have to go into a bit more detail on exactly what sorts of arrangements you mean to produce a good answer here, but I can give you a partial answer.
No fake money is created in these situations. Money is just a measurement of value - it's a raw form we can convert assets into. But implicit in its idea is a notion of debt as an asset. If I hold a tag sale and sell some stuff, and I get $50 in cash for it, what is my cash, exactly? It's a sort of free-floating, transferrable debt - it means that somebody gave up something that was considered worth something, and obtained a certain amount of purchasing power. By giving up some books and disused furniture, I've obtained $50 of raw purchasing power. Now, in practice, this money is considered to be backed by the US Government - but that is, in the end, immaterial - all that matters is that the green pieces of paper are considered to have an amount of purchasing power.
The thing is, debts and future predicted events have purchasing power. This is what happens when, for instance, I subscribe to a magazine - I send a company $20, and I get 12 issues of a magazine. But 11 of those issues don't exist when I spend my money - what I'm buying is future magazines. This is why subscriptions are cheaper than newsstand - the publisher likes knowing that they have the next 12 issues sold in advance. But in exchange for the inconvenience of paying out for a product that isn't in existence yet, they give me a steep discount off of what I'd normally pay. What I'm really buying, though, isn't the future magazines - it's an obligation to send me the magazines. It's an intangible good - but it's still a good that has value.
Similarly, I can buy a future debt. Why? Because debt has value. And as long as something has value, it is worth money.
Fake money applies differently to naked short selling because there's deception involved - you sell the stock as though you know you'll have it to deliver, and then go try to deliver it. But the person buying doesn't know that. So there's fraud involved. That's the difference - value is being paid for something that is not what it is thought to be. And there fake money comes into it - because something is being represented as having value that it is known not to have.
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Re:naked shorts (Score:5, Informative)
A traditional short stock sale requires that you find someone who will loan you their shares in a stock you believe to be over valued. You then sell those shares to someone. When it comes time to return the shares you borrowed, you buy at the lower price that you expected and return them to the person you borrowed from. You get to keep the difference in price.
A naked short means you never borrowed the shares in the first place. You agreed to sell someone some shares and you have a certain amount of time to actually deliver the shares. The idea is that you will find someone to borrow from in the period during which you have to settle the transaction.
Problems arise when the settlement never occurs because the short seller can't find anyone willing to lend the stock and they are faced with buying on the open market at the current price. So they just don't bother to follow through because the cost will end up being, theoritically, infinite. When Broker B finds that Broker A hasn't delivered the stock, they can technically go out and buy on the market and have the bill sent to Broker A. But they rarely do this because what goes around comes around and they will eventually find themselves in the situation where one of their customers initiated the naked short. Whenever the shares aren't settled it's called a failure-to-deliver (FTD) and on any given day the value of the sales that aren't delivered is measured in the tens of billions of dollars.
Because of the FTD, buyers end up thinking they own stock that they don't. And brokers list the stock in the buyer's portfolio and tell the companies that the buyer is an owner of the stock. Companies can end up with more people thinking they own shares than actual shares exist. Leading to devaluation of the stock, limiting the ability of the company to raise funds by selling more stock, and affecting corporate voting.
Another problem is that companies with a small amount of stock in circulation and a fairly low market cap can find that on a daily basis there are more shares offered for sale than actually exist because short sellers are selling without ever finding a person to loan them the shares in the first place. Due to the massive amount of sales being offered the price plummets, defrauding honest investors of value.
Läs mer: Slashdot | A Wikipedia Conspiracy and the Wall Street Meltdown
Re:welcome to the financial system (Score:5, Insightful)